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THE COMPETITION TRIBUNAL IN THE MATTER OF an Application by the Director of Investigation and Research for an order pursuant to section 75 of the Competition Act. R.S. 1985, c. C-34, as amended, requiring that the Respondent accept the Exdos Corporation as a customer for the supply of a product
BETilEEN: THE DIRECTOR OF INVESTIGATION AND RESEARCH
- and -
XEROX CANADA INC. Respondent AFFIDAVIT OF DONALD D. BANKS. C.A. AND
C. MICHEL LAVIGNE. C.A.
I, DONALD D. BANKS, AND I, C. MICHEL LAVIGNE, both of the City of Ottawa n the Judicial District of Ottawa-Carleton, make oath and say as follows: 1. We are Chartered Accountants in the Accounting Firm of Deloitte & Touche. Deloitte & Touche was retained by counsel for the Director of Investigation and Research to examine the books and records of Exdos Corporation and 562412 Ontario Inc. (operating as Nezron Office Products) and provide a report dealing with certain matters relating to the impact on those companies of the refusal to supply of the respondent herein. We were responsible for the preparation of this report.
Applicant
2. A copy of the report, which contains a detailed description of the work performed, is attached hereto as Exhibit "A". The contents of and our findings therein are true to the best of our knowledge, information and belief.
3. A copy of our respective curriculum vitae are attached hereto as Exhibit "B" and "C".
4. We make this affidavit pursuant to Rule 42(1) of the Competition Tribunal Rules.
SWORN BEFORE ME at the ) City of Ottawa, in the ) Judicial District of ) 0D·.·-:::ks) Ot~~wa-Carleton, this ) ~.i.f-~day of April, 1990 ) Michie! Kenne1h Cil'SOll. a Commsioner etc u Judicial Oistricl ef Otlawa-Carte1en. lot
IELOITTE & TOUCHE, Chaneret Accountams and DELOITTE & TOUCHE INC. Trustee in Bankruptcy \ , E.li;MI Niafwai:y 19, 1991 A Commissioner of Oaths in and for Canada
Deloitte& Touche REPORT ON SPECIAL REVIEW EXDOS CORPORATION
//ii f (1f Midlael Kenne#! carson. a Comm&IOl'lef • ' , ~~1 \' .· -·-- . Judici;JI D&trict of Ottawa-Carleton. for OELOITTE & TOUCHE. Chartered Acalunlariti anti OElOITTE & TOUCtE INC. Trustee 111 &ankrvp1<:¥ Eipires February t 9. 1991
April 20, 1990
REPORT ON SPECIAL REVIEW - EXDOS CORPORATION TABLE OF CONTENTS LEXICON SCOPE OF REVIEW SUMMARY OF FINDINGS STATE OF RECORDS OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS • Operations • Relationship of Exdos and Nezron • Impact of Refusal to Supply • Financial Effects to Date CONCLUSION DETAILED OBSERVATIONS • Approach to Determination of Damages a) Necessity of Supply b) Estimate of Business Life Expectancy of Exdos-Nezron c) Immediate Effects of Refusal to Supply • Calculation of Financial Effects INDEX TO APPENDICES APPENDICES
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-1-LEXICON
For the purposes of this report the following abbreviations will be used. FULL TERMS Xerox Canada Inc. Exdos Corporation 562412 Ontario Inc. (Operating as Nezron Office Products) Combined Exdos Corporation and Nezron Office Products Terrance Reid David Wood Lucille Hazell Soberman Isenbaum & Colomby Chartered Accountants
Post 83 Xerox copier parts October 26, 1988 Xerox freeze of sales of parts to parties other than end users Independent Service Organization Copier parts which have a limited life expectancy due to ordinary use.
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ABBREVIATED TERMS Xerox Exdos Nezron Exdos-Nezron Reid Wood Hazell SIC
Parts Date of Refusal to Supply Refusal to Supply ISO Consumables
-2-SCOPE OF REVIEW The scope of review was to examine the records and financial statements of Exdos and its affiliated company, Nezron with the objective to:
a) provide a view on the general status of the accounting records of Exdos-Nezron;
b) provide an overview of the nature of the business of Exdos-Nezron and their inter-relationship;
c) provide a projection of the impact of the refusal to supply in terms of the dependence of Exdos-Nezron on Xerox as a source of parts for Xerox copy machines;
d) determine the financial effects to date, of the refusal of Xerox to supply parts to Exdos other than as an end user of Xerox copiers.
Our examination of Exdos-Nezron records covered: all available Exdos and or Nezron accounting and or other records which we felt appropriate for the period between October 1, 1986 and February 20, 1990.
SIC's working paper files of Exdos for the years ended September 30, 1988 and September 30, 1989. SIC's working paper files of Nezron for the periods ended April 30, 1989 and September 30, 1989.
We interviewed key employees of Exdos-Nezron group namely: Terrance Reid, President of Exdos, President of Nezron David Wood, Service Manager, Nezron Peter Van Velzen, General Manager, Exdos Lucille Hazell, Office Manager, Exdos - Nezron Robert Chittenden, Parts Co-ordinator, Exdos Carol Ann Wheeler, Accountant, Exdos-Nezron Due to the close business relationship of Exdos and Nezron and their numerous intercompany transactions, we have conducted our examination as though they were a joint entity.
Appendix 1 attached outlines the examination steps undertaken in our review.
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-3-SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 1) STATE OF RECORDS We found the records of Exdos-Nezron to be adequate for the business priorities of its management. We were able to perform the tests and examination we considered necessary to evaluate the effects of Xerox refusal to supply.
We determined that some of the monthly sales summaries were lost or misplaced apparently at the time of the dismissal of the former accountant but we were able to reconstruct the annual sales from the sales invoices themselves. Further, because of the missing sales summaries and because Exdos-Nezron kept no perpetual inventory prior to the refusal to supply we considered the monthly financial reports of the individual companies to be inadequate for our purposes.
2) OVERVIEW OF BUSINESS a) Operations For the period of our review: i) Exdos' main business was to buy and sell used Xerox copiers as a broker, with many of the sales made to ISO's including Nezron. Exdos also bought and sold Xerox parts, to ISO's chiefly, until the refusal to supply was put into effect in 1988.
ii) Exdos' operations included the refurbishing of used copiers by Nezron technicians.
iii) Nezron's main business was to sell, rent or lease used Xerox copiers, refurbished by Exdos, to end users along with service contracts. The parts required for performance of these contracts came entirely from Exdos. Exdos has continued to supply these parts despite the refusal to supply.
iv) Approximately 90% of Exdos-Nezron revenue has been generated from sales or service of Xerox copiers or sales of Xerox parts and supplies (Appendix 2).
v) Exdos and Nezron operated from the same business premises with an inter-mingling of costs, staff duties and management.
vi) From a business planning perspective, it would be anticipated that the Nezron contribution to profits would steadily increase as the service contract operations grew to provide a larger ongoing revenue base.
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-4-b) Relationship of Exdos and Nezron Throughout the years 1984 to 1989 inclusive, the ownership and management of Exdos and Nezron has been as follows:
i) Ownership • Exdos has been 100% owned by Reid. • Up to September 29, 1989, Nezron was owned 70% by Reid and 30% by Wood.
• As of September 29, 1989, Exdos acquired all of the issued shares of Nezron from Reid and Wood. Finally on October 1, 1989, Exdos amalgamated with Nezron to continue as Exdos Corporation.
ii) Management • Reid was the President and day to day General Manager of Exdos throughout the years 1984 to 1988 inclusive. On July 4, 1989, Van Velzen assumed the duties of the General Manager while Reid continued as President and continued to oversee all operations.
Reid was the President and General Manager of Nezron throughout the years 1984 to 1988 inclusive, and most of 1989. On October 1, 1989, Van Velzen assumed the duties of General Manager. Throughout the entire period Wood was Service Manager for Nezron.
3) IMPACT OF REFUSAL TO SUPPLY Since Exdos-Nezron operations are very dependent upon a ready supply of parts, and since market sources other than Xerox appear to be unable to provide compatible parts in sufficient quantity or quality, the refusal to supply has placed Exdos-Nezron in a precarious position in respect of its ability to continue operations. Its inventory of parts appears to be deficient in respect of there being parts on hand or readily available to service its clients pursuant to contracts to supply parts and service. Further, the refusal to supply has caused Exdos-Nezron to alter its business operations and it has suffered some direct financial losses in the form of additional costs. These additional costs would likely have to continue as long as Exdos-Nezron's business continues.
Our analytic review indicates that Exdos-Nezron would have limited business life expectancy, in respect of its Xerox related business, because of the refusal to supply.
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-5-4) FINANCIAL EFFECTS TO DATE Exdos reaction to the refusal to supply was to re-direct its human resources to search for a supply of Xerox copier parts from as many sources as possible. This search included: • An immediate order of parts from Xerox in the amount of some $60,000 before the effective date of the refusal to supply but after notification of it.
• Trying to locate manufacturers of Xerox compatible copier parts, independently and through the National Independent Service Organization.
• Increasing the purchasing activity in respect of used post-1983 Xerox copiers so that some could be used in the "cannibalization" process, whereby parts were used from one machine to keep another operating with some machines eventually being entirely cannibalized.
• Purchasing parts from Rank-Xerox of the United Kingdom through U.S. agents.
• Purchasing parts directly from Xerox for those machines wherein Exdos was considered to be an end user, approximately sixteen machines in total.
In addition Exdos instituted an inventory control system which provided a periodic report, usually bi-monthly, highlighting the inventory of each part on hand compared to a minimum and maximum level considered to be adequate for each part. The service manager, Wood, maintained this control system whereas prior to the refusal to supply, parts had been ordered from Xerox only as needed.
CONCUJSION As a result of our analytical review and information obtained, we would conclude that Exdos-Nezron's business operations, as presently constituted, have been place in jeopardy by the refusal to supply. Its inventory of parts, as at February 19, 1990 indicated deficiencies in the parts necessary to service its clients in accordance with existing contracts, in respect of post-1983 copiers. There does not appear to be a market source of those parts other than Xerox in quantities sufficient to maintain the necessary inventory. Accordingly the business life expectancy of Exdos-Nezron appears to be quite limited. In addition, to the extent that Exdos-Nezron is able to continue to place and service post-1983 copiers, it does so at an increased cost of staff time, with the attendant payroll cost.
Deloitte& Touche
-6-DETAILED OBSERVATIONS APPROACH TO DETERMINATION OF EFFECTS Our review indicated that the refusal to supply had caused changes in the operations of Exdos-Nezron particularly with respect to activities deemed necessary to acquire and maintain an inventory of parts. These activities were directed toward immediate survival of the business because it was believed that the market for used Xerox copier machines would dry up unless the potential purchasers could be assured that parts and service would continue to be available readily, virtually on demand. These considerations affected both the immediate and long-term viability of Exdos-Nezron.
We approached the determination and quantification of financial effects from three perspectives:
i) Necessity of Supply ii) Estimate of Business Life Expectancy of Exdos-Nezron iii) Immediate Effects of Refusal to Supply a) Necessity of Supply Was it necessary to have a supply of Xerox parts readily available in order for the businesses to survive?
i) All of the employees interviewed were of the opinion that without a ready supply of parts in the general market Exdos would not be able to continue to supply copiers to end users. Similarly they were of the opinion that Nezron's sales and service business would not be able to continue once their clients determined that prompt service could no longer be supplied.
ii) Our analysis established that 90.8% of Nezron's placement of office machines, either by sale, lease or rental were accompanied by a service contract (Appendix 3).
Similarly, analysis of Nezron's client base (Appendix 4), shows that over 85% were on service contracts and relied upon a supply of
parts. Further, our analysis shows that post 1983 copier machines, or the Marathon series, have grown from 32% of machines serviced in 1987 to 55% of machines serviced in 1989 (Appendix 5). On a revenue basis, 73% of December 1989 revenue came from sales and service of post 1983 copiers and service revenue alone, including parts, was post-1983 copier based to the level of 58% (Appendix 6).
We would conclude, therefore, that Nezron's future profitability would tend to grow as the client base expanded and that the clients, and Exdos-Nezron, require a readily available supply of pre and post 1983 Xerox parts, with more and more reliance falling on post 1983 parts.
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-7-(b) Estimate of Business Life Expectancy of Exdos-Nezron What would the expected life of Exdos-Nezron be if none of the consumable parts could be obtained, firstly from Xerox, and secondly, from alternative sources?
Our review confirmed that Exdos-Nezron was dependent upon a readily available supply of Xerox or Xerox-compatible parts. Evidence examined together with explanations provided by key employees indicated that the general market of Xerox compatible parts plus the ISO supportive supply, together with the cannibalization process of obtaining parts would not provide the flow of parts necessary. A Xerox catalogue of parts listed approximately 18,000 parts. The parts catalogue produced by the ISO's in response to Xerox refusal to supply, listed less than 1,000 parts available, and in very limited quantities per part.
Further, we reviewed Exdos-Nezron's purchase of Xerox or Xerox compatible parts for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1989 per Appendix 7. We noted or were advised that: a) Xerox was still the main supplier of parts, to a value of some $179,000. This total was composed of approximately $77,500 of parts ordered in the ordinary course of business prior to the refusal to supply plus some $60,000 of parts ordered on October 21, 1988 due to the impending refusal to supply and the balance ordered for Exdos as an end-user.
b) Approximately $7,300 of Xerox parts were obtained, through a U.S. agent, from Rank-Xerox of England. It is understood that this source no longer exists.
c) Several of the other suppliers are no longer able to supply parts.
We analyzed Exdos-Nezron's historic use of parts in order to evaluate the consumption rate of parts and then compared this consumption rate to the inventory of parts on hand. This involved a series of steps: i) Wood supplied a master list of parts and supplies sold by Exdos to Nezron for the two years ended September 30, 1989. We analyzed that list and eliminated the pre-1983 parts and supplies to arrive
at a list of some 450 post-1983 parts and supplies. Further analysis eliminated supplies and low-usage parts to arrive at a list of 90 post-1983 high-usage parts. In accordance with advice received from Chittenden and in order to be conservative, we also eliminated those parts where there was an alternate Xerox part available and those parts where an alternate source existed, irrespective of prices or reliability of source. We thus arrived at a list of 21 essential consumables upon which to base our evaluation.
ii) We reduced the annual consumption amount of those selected parts to an average monthly usage figure.
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-8-iii) For each part we divided the quantity on hand as at February 19, 1990 per Chittenden's records, by the average monthly usage figure, thereby arriving at the number of months of supply of each part on hand, per Appendix 8.
Appendix 9 presents the same information in the form of a graph and shows that for these 21 parts Exdos-Nezron had less than a four month
supply on hand.
We concluded that with the refusal to supply in effect and with no known alternate source, Nezron will not be able to continue to provide service should a customer need any of these 21 parts, in particular. A similar result could also occur in respect of any of the 450 parts, consumable or durable, should it not be available when needed.
Our projection has been based primarily on parts usage and its probable effect on clients. We did not factor in the matter of employee loyalty or apprehension, considerations which would tend to accelerate the downhill slide.
(c) Immediate Effects of Refusal to Supply What were the immediate measurable costs of reacting to the refusal to supply in terms of obtaining a supply of parts?
The financial effect of the Exdos-Nezron's reaction to the refusal to supply has been manifested in additional costs in that the duties of certain key, knowledgeable employees were changed so that they could search for, find and control the inventory of parts. In particular: i) Reid organized, managed and took part in the actual search for other sources of parts. We have estimated that 10% of his time was spent on these activities from September 1, 1988 to July 4, 1989 when Van Velzen was hired by Exdos to carry on as General Manager.
ii) Van Velzen continued the management of the search for parts and personally took part in the search as well. His conservative best estimate is that 10% of his time has been used for these activities.
iii) Wood changed his duties from a ratio of 50% as Service Manager and 50% on service calls prior to the refusal to supply, to a ratio of 80% searching for and controlling parts and 20% as Service Manager, after the refusal to supply according to his conservative best estimate. Appendix 10 is a schedule which illustrates the decrease in service calls made by Wood from 56 pre-refusal to 18 post-refusal.
iv) Hazell changed her duties from pre-refusal to supply where she served as Executive Assistant to Reid and as an Assistant in the brokering of used Xerox copiers to post-refusal to supply duties which included contacting the same suppliers for more copiers and for parts, to searching for other parts suppliers, to ordering
parts for Exdos as an end user. Her conservative best estimate is that 25% of her post-refusal time was used in the search for parts, that is, approximately 10 hours per week. Deloitte& Touche --------0
-9-v) Susan Holtze was hired as Sales Secretary by Nezron. It is the position of Exdos-Nezron management that the reason Holtze was
hired was that Hazell no longer had sufficient time to perform the secretarial duties that she had prior to the refusal to supply.
CALCUIATION OF FINANCIAL EFFECTS We have addressed the financial effect of the refusal to supply under two aspects, firstly where Exdos-Nezron is unable to find alternative sources of the consumables Scenario One, and secondly where Exdos-Nezron is able to continue to operate by finding alternative sources of parts, Scenario Two.
SCENARIO ONE Our analysis of Exdos-Nezron's rate of use of the consumables when compared to their inventory of parts at February 19, 1990 shows that some parts will be out of stock within one month and others may last up to four months. It is our understanding that parts can no longer be obtained from Rank-Xerox of England, as of February 1990. We project that Exdos-Nezron will not be able to fully service all of its clients, despite cannibalization and other survival source of parts, at some time in the near future, in respect of post-1983 Xerox copiers, and will therefore begin to lose clients and its business related to Xerox copiers. Appendix 11 attached shows that the annual gross margin at risk would be in excess of $1,300,000 per annum.
SCENARIO TWO Exdos-Nezron's cost of maintaining its operations despite the refusal to supply has manifested itself in three ways:
• the loss of contribution margin on the re-sale of Xerox parts, which we have calculated to be $36,800 per annum, per Appendix 12. Contribution margin is the amount of profit that a line of business produces or contributes toward the fixed cost or overhead;
• the ongoing cost of several employees engaged in finding, developing and maintaining alternative sources of compatible parts. This cost is approximately $38,000 per year at present (Appendix 15);
• out-of-pocket cost in the form of legal and accounting services. Our analysis did not include a comprehensive search for out-of-pocket costs related to the refusal to supply, but we did note legal fees of $8,207 and that S.I.C. have provided special services directly related to the refusal to supply.
The present value of the estimated future losses of Exdos-Nezron, based on Scenario Two is approximately $662,000 per Appendix 15. The cost to date is approximately $100,000 per Appendix 16.
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REPORT ON SPECIAL REVIEW - EXDOS CORPORATION INDEX TO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 EXAMINATION STEPS UNDERTAKEN BY DELOITTE & TOUCHE APPENDIX 2 PERCENT OF REVENUE XEROX COPIER BASED APPENDIX 3 PLACEMENT ANALYSIS APPENDIX 4 ANALYSIS OF CLIENT BASE - PARTS DEPENDENCY APPENDIX 5 MACHINE SERVICED ANALYSIS APPENDIX 6 REVENUE MARATHON (POST 83) vs PRE MARATHON SERIES BY TYPE OF REVENUES
APPENDIX 7 PURCHASES ANALYSIS APPENDIX 8 PROJECTION OF FINANCIAL EFFECT OF REFUSAL TO SUPPLY -SCENARIO ONE
APPENDIX 9 GRAPH OF PROJECTION OF FINANCIAL EFFECT OF REFUSAL TO SUPPLY - SCENARIO ONE
APPENDIX 10 WOOD'S SERVICE HOURS vs TOTAL SERVICE HOURS APPENDIX 11 COMBINED GROSS MARGIN APPENDIX 12 ESTIMATED LOSS OF NET CONTRIBUTION MARGIN-PARTS SALES APPENDIX 13 PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION MARGIN-PARTS SALES APPENDIX 14 COMBINED REVENUE (PER CATEGORY) APPENDIX 15 PROJECTION OF FINANCIAL EFFECT OF REFUSAL TO SUPPLY -SCENARIO TWO
APPENDIX 16 FINANCIAL EFFECTS - COSTS TO DATE
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EXDOS-NEZRON SCOPE OF VERIFICATION BUSINESS REVIEW
Tour of premises Visual review of inventory Visual review of renovation and cannibalization of copiers
PERSONNEL INTERVIEWS Reid Wood Hazell Van Velzen Chittenden Wheeler Sales staff Clerks
SIC WORKING PAPERS Review of working paper files A-1 (Exdos Y/E September 30, 1989 and 1988) (Nezron Y/E April 30, 1989 and period ended September 30, 1989)
Review of financial statements A-2 (Exdos Y/E September 30, 1989 and 1988) (Nezron Y/E April 30, 1989 and period ended September 30, 1989)
Scan previous years /periods financial statements A-3 (Exdos Y/E September 30, 1987 and 86, April 30, 1985 and 84) (XDS Corp Projected financial statements May 31, 1984) (Nezron Y/E April 30, 1988, 87, 86, 85, and 84)
Obtain copies of adjusting entries; A-4 Exdos Y/E September 30, 1898 and 89 Nezron periods ended April 30, 89 and September 30, 89
GAAP -cannibalization process -inter-company relationship Variances -rental equipment; book value -rental equipment; accounting
APPENDIX. 1 REF
B B Deloitte& Touche 0
REVENUE ANALYSIS (October 1, 1987 to September 30, 1989) Missing documentation Inter-company invoices -obtain C-1 -review C-1 -summarize (monthly) C-2 -summarize (annually) C-2 -testing
Nezron sales invoices -obtain -sort -list & total -prepare monthly summaries Nezron annual summaries per type of revenues
-monthly trial balances + "C-4" -comparative annual summary Exdos -closing trial bal. summary by type of revenue -closing trial balances Inter-company combined revenues "C-6" + "D-1" - "C2" Elimination non-Xerox copiers -Base document "D-3" less; -Gestetner purchases invoices @ 130% -Fujitsu purchases invoices @ 130% -Cassells Brook
sales invoices E-4 -Metro Toronto sales invoices E-5 COMBINED GROSS MARGIN (October 1, 1987 to September 30, 1989) source;
REVENUES -see section "C"
COST OF SALES Exdos's cost of sales per financial statements (A-2) Gestetner purchases invoices (E-2) Fujitsu purchases invoices (E-3) Nezron purchases per supplier Combined gross margin (Y/E 30/09/89 per source of info) Combined gross margin (Y/E 30/09/88 per source of info) Comparative gross margin PERCENTAGE OF SERVICE BUSINESS (from beginning of operation to December 1989) -plan & supervise scanning of all client's files -review and agree selected client's files -review & compile information prepared by Nezron -summary placements analysis -summary client base - parts dependency
C-3 C-3 C-3 C-4
C-5 C-6 D-1 D-2 D-3 E-1 E-2 E-3
F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 G-3 G-3 G-1 G-2 Deloitte& Touche 0
EFFECT OF REFUSAL TO SUPPLY Job description -Wood H-1 -Hazell H-2 -Reid H-3 -'Wheeler H-4 -Van Velzen -Others
Corroboration service calls (+/- 1,000 cards) -analysis and extraction of information from cards -compilation of information -preparation of summaries 1988 Part order -extract invoices -review, total -note controls -cannibalized copiers (photocopies of serial number plates) -Exdos list of copier as end user Parts searches -ISO correspondence -Rank Xerox notes -ISO inventories -Xerox inventories COSTS ANALYSIS SUMMARIES PAYROLL COSTS -payroll cost re refusal to supply summary (APP 16) -time estimate -payroll records -projection REVENUE LOSS PARTS BROKERAGE -select files -sample of invoices -gross profit determination (APP 13) (based on "L- 7") -estimation loss of net contribution margin on parts sales (APP 12) -calculation of damages ("L-1" + "L-4") -projection of financial effects scenario two (assuming possible survival of Exdos/Nezron)
I-1 I-1 I-1 I-1 J-1 J-2 J-5 K-1 J-3 K-2 K-3 L-1 L-2 L-6 L-7 L-3 L-4 L-5 L-6 Deloitte& ---To-uch-e 0
PARTS DEPENDENCY Post-83 usage listing re-organized from "M-4" M-1 Testing of Yood's listing accuracy to source documents M-2 Estimation of life expectancy of Exdos-Nezron scenario one M-3 selection of part sample from "M-1" listing estimate of average monthly consumption comparison to quantity on hand Feb 90 projection of number of months of supplies (APP 8 & 9) Consumables usage - Wood's analysis of inter-company invoices categorized; "Pre 83", "Post 83", and "Others" listing (Oct 87 to Sep 89) M-4 Part usage (Oct 89 to Feb 90)and inventory listings {prepared by Chittenden) M-5 Parts on hand listing (as at Feb 14, 1990) M-6 Review of parts re-order listings (April 89 to December 89) M-3 PI.ACEMENTS (JANUARY 89 TO NOVEMBER 89) Obtain list of copiers placements N-1 Identify & categorize placements by pre-83 & post 83 models N-2 Select sample of placements and agree information to Nezron's service dispatch cards N-2 Nezron's clients list by client number N-3 MACHINES BEING SERVICED POPUI.ATION Obtain listing from Nezron for periods from January 1, to November 1 1987, 88, and 89 0-2 Identify and categorize by Pre-83, Post 83, Other 0-3 Compile placements with service; Pre-83, Post 83, Other 0-3 Select sample and agree information prepared by Nezron to service record cards
Summarize results (APP 5) COST REVIEW Legal fees -interviews, invoices extracted Telecommunications -interviews, scanned summary Warehousing -interviews, no summary Financing -interview, overview, no summary Other costs
0-1 J-7 P-1 P-1 P-1 P-1 Deloitte& Touche 0
EXDOS/NEZRON REVENUE COMPOSITION ANALYSIS Analysis of revenue by categories for the months of December 89 & January 90 (APP 6) Review and notes by D & T of back-up information for "Q-1" Trial balances Exdos months of December 89 & January 90 EXDOS PARTS / SUPPLIES PURCHASES Obtain analysis of purchases by suppliers Disbursement analysis re: purchases of parts Preparation of summary Back-up information re: purchases from Copier Services Unlimited (CSU)
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Q-1 Q-2 Q-3 R-1 R-2 R-2 R-3
IIDOS/11%101 PllCllT or RlfllUI llROI COPill BASID *********** ******************* **************** **************** DISCIIPTIOI TOTAL llfllOI SALIS ClSSILS, BROCl HTIO TOIOITO (II $) (S) (II $) (l) (II $) (1) (2) (3) *********** ********** ****** ******** ***** ******** SIPT 30, 88 2,928,022 • 100.0l 34,304 ) l.2l 57,UT SIPT 30, 89 2,642,612 • 100.0l 57' 146 ) 2.2l U,872 ---------- -------- -------- 5,570,634 100.0l 91,451 1.8S 99,289 -------------------- ---------------- ----- ---------------- le1end ***********
. AGRllD TO CO!BillD GROSS !ARGII SO!!ARY AGRllD TO SOPPLIIRS IIVOICIS > AGRllD TO 11%101 SALIS IIVOICIS
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APPllDII 2 **************** **************** ****************** SALIS PUICDSIS PUICllSIS TOTAL 11101 GISTITlll JUJITSU COPlll (* 130l) (*130l) 1m1U1 (l) (II $) (l) (II $) (l) (II $) (l) (4) (5) (+1-2-3+5) ***** ******** ***** ******** ***** ********** ***** ) 2.0S o.os 113,279 : 3.9l 2,723,022 93.0S ) 1.&l 178,417 : 6.Sl 40,689 : l.5l 2,32t,m 88.0l -------- -------- ----------1.8S 178,U7 3.2S 153,988 2.BS 5,047 ,609 90.IS ---------------- ---------------- --------------------
APPHDII 3 llDOS/HZROB PLACl!IBTS ABALYSIS *D*IS*C**R*IP*T*I*O*H* **R*K*IT*A**L*S* ***SA**L*E*S ** ***S*A*L*I*S* * ***TO**TA**L* ** & WITH WITHOUT PLACK!HTS LUSIS SKRVICI SKRVICI *********** ********* ********* ********* ********** UH ITS 417 472 90 979 ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ --------------------42.61 48.2% 9.2% 100.0X ------------------ ------------------ ------------------ --------------------NOTK 1 ALL RIBTALS l LIASIS INCLODI AS IRVICI CONTRACT AGRll!IBT NOTK 2 RIVIIW COVIRID ALL NIZROB'S ACTIVI AND INACTIVI COSTOKIR IILIS Deloitte& _Touche 0
IIDOS/HZROI ABALYSIS or CLIIBT BASI - PARTS DIPIBDIBCY *D*I*S*C*R*I*P*T*I*O*I *R*H*T*A*L**S* *S**A*L*I*S* * **S*A*L*I*S* * l MITH MITBOOT LUSIS SIBVICI SIRVICI *********** ******** ******** ******** OBITS 417 472 ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- 24.8% 28.1% ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- MOTi 1 ALL RIBTALS &L l!SIS IBCLODI AS IRVICI CONTRACT AGRllMIBT MOTi 2 RIVIIM COVIRID ALL BIZROR'S ACTIVI ARD IRACTIVI COSTOMIR FILIS
APPllDII 4 S**IB**V*I*C*I* *S*O*P*P*L*l*l*S ***O*T*B*IR** **TO**TA**L* * MITBOOT SALIS ******** ******** ******** ******** 90 566 91 44 1,680 ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------5.U 33.7% 5.U 2.6% 100.0% ---------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----------------Deloitte& Touche 0
IIDOS/RIZROI KACHlllS SIRYICID 10 KORTH PIRIOD llDID IOYIKBIR 1987, 1988, 1989 ******************* ********************* ********************* DISCRIPTIOR PIRIOD IRDID ROY 1987 PIRIOD IRDID ROY 1988 IOBBIR l IOBBIR SIRYICID SIRVICID ******************* ******** ********* ******** MARATHOR (POST 83) 107 I 32.0l 174 I PRI KARATHOI SIRllS 227 I 68.0l 223 I OTHIR (ROI COPIIRS) o I O.Ol 1 I -------- --------- -------- TOTAL SKRVICI 334 100.0l 398 ---------------- ------------------ ---------------- LIGIHD --------------------------------------I AGRllD TO WORIIIG PRIPARID BY IIDOS PIRSORBIL (M/C SVC 87,88,89)
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APPllDII 5 ********************* ****************** PIRIOD llDID NOV 1989 TOTAL roa PERIODS l IOBBIR l IOBBIR l SIRVICID SIRYICID ********* ******** ********* ******** ****** 43. 7l 256 I 54.9l 537 U.8l 56.0l 209 I U.8l 659 55.0l 0.3l 1 I 0.2l 2 0.2l --------- -------- --------- --------100.0l 466 100.0l 1,198 100.0l ------------------ ---------------- ------------------ ----------------
. .. ... .... . .. .... ... - .... .... .-0. .- --:. . .. ... . ... = . = _ _ ........ ": .. ... . ... c:: .io ..-. ... ...... -~ -~ -g_ =... ... ::: .. C> = ra~i ...... ... .... .... -...... .. . . --... --a -... --... C> .. ..; ..; : . --. -~. -.. ----.. ~ --.. --. . ... . ~ .... ... . .. . .... . :: ..; . .. . .... - ...... . . g e-E : .... - .. .. ----"C" .. > ": .. --...~.. .. a .... ......... . .. . . "". . 5 --~ ~ . -. .. --.. : .. .... .... ....... .... 5 .. g ... -....... .. ----...... ....... ....... . 0 . .. : .. -... -O> -= .. -..... C=> ": . = -.... - . --... .... . . . -.. C> = .. ....... .- ... . . . .... ----. . ... .. .. . . -.. ... .. .. ...... .. .-... . .. . ..... . - -. ..... - I .. ~ .-. . -..o..-e~: .. .. -. = . -. = . o.. --.. -= - -... .... ... :.:.: .. .... -.... . -.. . . . . " . " . .O.>. ~--~ r<; .. O .. > . .. -== ...... .,._ ... . - _.cm.._... -.. .. -: .; -.;. =; -.:.:. =-: -.. : =:: - -C> - --.".".' _. .. c ~ n --.o. ....-... .-..c 0-a -... .... ..... :=:= ... ---m "" ~ ~ .~:.: -~- ..... o l :..:..:. --s -=... : -.:.: ~ Deloitte& Touche 0
KIDOS/MKZROH PURCBASIS ANALYSIS UUUiUU nuuu uuuu DISCRIPTION IKROI RU! IIROI *********** uuuu ******** DOLLARS 179,300 I 7,367 I PKRCKNT 61. 40% I AGRKKD TO WORKING PAPKR PRKPARKD BY KXDOS PKRSOMHKL
APPIHDII 7 UUiUU UUiUU uuuu OTBIR OTBIR TOTAL STILL NOT AVAILABLE AVAILABLE ********* ********* ******** 89,011 I 16,365 I 292,043 2.52% 30.48% 5.60% 100.00X Deloitte& Touche -------~ 0
IIDOS/HZROI PROJICTIOI or rIBAICIAL 1rr1cT or RlrUSAL TO SUPPLY - SCllARIO OHi *********** ******************** ***** *********** PARTS DISCRIPTIOI !ODIL TOTAL COISUBPTIOB Y/I SIP 89 *********** ******************** ***** *********** 122P60326 KIP LAMP 1025 125860365 CHG.COR.ASSY 2830 125860366 T./DT/COR ASSY 2830 126S60506 HIAT ROD 1025 130S4120 THIB!ISTOR 1045 19P60793 fllGIR 2830 19P61089 HGB/PRISS 1038 1R64 DRU! 1055 22S63290 HIAT ROLL 1055 33S60129 CL BLADI 1055 33860137 KITIR BL 2830 33S60198 KT BLADI 1055 33860271 ADH HID ROLL 1038 423N8502 BILT 1045 551520 DICORTROB SHIILD 1090 5P61105 PAPIR fllD CLUTCH 1020 60013170 DIV RIPAIR IIT 1040 60016640 NICI ASSY lIT 1045 600S7077 IHVIRTIR STOP 1075 6S62590 HID ROLL 1035 941880 CVR NICI 1040 SOURCI &C RITIRIA SILICTIOB MAS KADI JODGIKIHTLY AS THI KOST SIGBif ICAHT or TOTAL PARTS IBVIBTORY WHICH ARI LISTID OH "PARTS COBSUKPTIOB RATI ABALYSIS FOR HIM TICHBOLOGY IIROI COPllRS" LISTIHG. RIDUCID WHIR ALTIRBATI SOORCIS or PARTS MIRI AVAILABLI RIDOCID WHIR ALTIRHATI PARTS MIRI AVAILABLI DIPLITIBG SOPPLIIS MIRI IICLODID 2830 SIRIIS COBSIDIRID AS PART or IIROI RIFOSAL TO SUPPLY PIR CHITTIHDIH VIRIIICATIOH
APPHDII 8 *********** *********** ****** ******** TOTAL AVG IRA GI QTY IUBBIR COISUBPTIOH BOITHLY OH or BOHTH OCT 1 89 TO COISU!PTIOB HAID or JIB 19 90 (ROUIDID) rlB 90 SUPPL II S *********** *********** ****** ******** 10.0 to 1 1.0 l 5.0 9.0 1 3.0 3 9.0 16.0 2 0.0 0 6.0 6.0 1 1.0 1 12.0 13.0 2 2.0 1 92.0 103.0 14 12.0 1 87.0 104.0 14 11. 0 1 4. 0 8.0 1 2.0 2 8.0 8.0 1 1.0 l 3.0 10.0 l 0.0 0 9.0 14.0 2 0.0 0 5.0 9.0 1 l. 0 1 13.0 13.0 2 7.0 4 10.0 17 .0 2 8.0 4 9.0 23.0 3 5.0 2 4.0 15.0 2 3.0 2 5.0 17.0 2 l. 0 1 19.0 20.0 3 2.0 l 11. 0 11. 0 2 1.0 l 25.0 20.0 3 0.0 0 30.0 62.0 7 7.0 1 Deloitte& Touche 0
.,... 0 ....... I\) c,.) ·tn ::ti:: = "ti 0 tt 125560365 ..... 0 ~ M 126560506 13054120 i ~ ~ 0 ~ t=j ~ ~ tel ~ 0 . ~ > '[. ~ W, ~ ~ '"g ~ z c:: ~ tz: ~ ~ M td 33860271 I ' I .' • ~ t%j 423W8502 ~ ; N ~ en 0 a !Z 600K6640 60087077 ~ 0
94K880 i' :IS' Ii t>1irra-
~ > li;j li;j ~ t:::I H :>< ~
IIDOS/111101 DAYID MOOD SIRYICI CALLS AIALYSIS SODARY ------------------------------------------------DISCiIPTIOI ---- ---------------------TO --------------------------------------- PIRIOD or 12 KORTH HDllG OCT 31 1987 ----------------------------------------------------TOTAL CALLS (Pll ARALYSYS) 517 D. MOOD CALLS vs TOTAL CALLS (IR PIRCllT) AllOAL IMCRIASI
APPHDll 10 -------------------------------------------------------TAL CALLS DM OOD TOTAL CALLS - ----PIRIOD or 12 KORTH llDIIG OCT 31 1988 1989 1987 1988 1989 1,196 2,473 135 56 18 26.llS 4.68S 0. 73% 131. 3% 106.8% Deloitte& _Touche 0
APPIBDII 11 llDOS/llZROI COIBillD GROSS IARGII 12 IOITB PIRIOD llDID SIPTllBIR 30, ******************* ***************************** ***************************** DISCRIPTIOI 1989 1988 $ s $ s ******************* ************** *********** ************** *********** RIYllOI 2,6'2,612 100.0S 2,928,022 100.0X ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------COST or SALIS 938,039 1,453,800 GISTITRIR IRVOICIS 137 ,2U 0 POJITSO IBVOICIS 31,299 87,138 -------------- --------------TOTAL COST or SALIS 1,106,582 U.91 1,540,938 52.61 -------------- ----------- -------------- -----------GROSS MARGIB l, 536' 030 58.a 1,387,084 u.n ---------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------Deloitte& Touche 0
llDOS/llZROI ISTIIATID LOSS or HIT COITRIBUTIOI IARGll-PARTS SALIS 12 IOITB PIRIOD IBDID SIPTllBIR 30, 1989 ************************************************ Y/I SIPT 30 89 ************** TOTAL IIDOS SALIS LISS; IBTIRCO -------------- SALIS TO 3rd PARTIIS IULTIPLIID BY COITRIBUTIOB IARGIB RATI (APPIBDII 13) ISTllATID LOST COBTBIBUTIOB LISS; TAXIS (@ AB ATI or 25l) ISTIIATID LOST BIT COBTBIBUTIOB (AFTIB TAllS)
LIGllD ----------------------------------------. AGRllD TO COIBIBID BIVIBUI (APPIBDII 14)
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APPllDII 12 Y/I SIPT 30 88 DIJJIRllCI 1 2 2-1 ************** ************** 405,657 • 515,367 . 109,710 405,828 • 244, 794 • (1 61, 034) -------------- --------------(1 71) 270,573 270, 744 18. *ll --------------49,055 12,264 $36,791 ----------------------------
llDOS/llZROB PIRCIBTAGI COBTRIBOTIOB KARGIB-PARTS SALIS TOTAL SALIS PIR SAKPLI or IBVOICIS TOTAL COSTS PIR SAKPLI or IBVOICIS COBTRIBOTIOB KARGIB BOTI SALIS IHVOICIS rROK THI TOTAL POPOLATIOB NIRI SILICTID JODGIKIHTALY
APPIRDII 13 $ 43,754 100.oi 35,828 81.9i 7,926 18. li ---------------------- ----------------------Deloitte& Touche 0
IIDOS/llZROI COIBlllD RIVllOI (PIR CATIGORY) 12 MOITH PIRIOD llDID SIPTIMBIR 30, 1989 l 1988 **************** ************************************************** DISCRIPTIOR YIAR IBDID SIP 30 1989 IIDOS RIZROR IITIRCO 1 2 3 **************** *********** *********** *********** *********** SALIS IQOIPMIRT 1,216,576 • 494,126 I 316,960 { 1,393, 742 SOPPLIIS l PARTS 405,657 • 245,329 I 405,828 { SIRVICI 0 • 758,405 I RllTAL (33)" 186,384 I OTHIR U,789 • 17,167 I ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- -----------TOTAL RIVllOI $1,663,989. $1,701,411 $722,788 ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- -LIGIRD --------------------------------• AGRKID TO IIDOS CLOSIRG TRIAL BALARCI SUMMARY RIPORT
I AGRllD TO HIZROR MOHTHLY TRIAL BALANCI l IRVOICIS SUMMARY RIPORT < AGRllD TO IIDOS INTIR-COMPANIKS TRANSACTIONS RKPORT
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APPllDII 14 ************************************************** YIAR IRDID SIP 30 1988 TOTAL IIDOS 11%ROI IITIRCO TOTAL 1+2-3 5 6 1 5+6-7 *********** *********** *********** *********** 1,551,861 • 318,170 I 214,682 { 1,655,349 245,158 515,367 • 141,682 I 244, 794 ( 412,255 0 < 758,405 0 • 379,879 I 0 ( 379,879 0 { 186,351 5,500 • 358,335 I 0 ( 363,835 0 ( 58,956 111,465 • 5,239 I 0 ( 116, 704 $2,642,612 $2,184,193 • $1,203,305 $459,476 $2,928,022 --------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ----------------------
UDOS/HIZROB PROJICTIOR or rIRARCIAL 1rr1cT or RKrOSAL TO SUPPLY SCKRARI 0 TWO TOTAL COST PAYROLL COST APPLICABLK TO PARTS LISS; TAI BKRKrIT @2 5i HIT COST HTIR TAXIS LOST HIT COHTRIBOTIOH MARGIN PARTS SALIS PIR AHBOM (APPKBDIX 12) TOTAL LOST PKR AHBUM PRISKBT VALUE FACTOR APPLICABLE fOR 10 YEARS @2 .5% PRKSEHT VALUE OF KSTIMATID fUTURK LOSSES ASSUMPTIONS 1. AP ERIOD OF TIN YEARS HAS BKEB OSKD AS AR EASOBABLK, FORKSKABLK TIMI FRAMK CONSIDERING THI AGK or REID AND VAN VKLZKN 2. KXDOS AND HKZROH ARK CANADIAN COHTROLLKD PRIVATK CORPORATIONS IH ONTARIO KLIGIBLK fOR THI SMALL BUSINESS DKDOCTIOH or 25%.
APPIKDII 15 51, 790 (12,947) 38, 842 36,791 75,633 8.7521 $661,951 Deloitte& Touche 0
IIDOS/HKZROB JIBABCIAL 1rr1CTS - COST TO DATI CALIBDAR YIAR PIRIODS IBDID DICIMBIR 31, 1988 ARD 1989
TOTAL PAYROLL COST APPLICABLI TO PARTS LOSS MARGIN ON SALi or PARTS {APPINDII 12) LISS; TAI KFFICT @2 5% NIT COST AFTIR TAXIS ASSUMPTIONS SIPTKMBIR 1, 1988 IS THI COMMIMCIMIHT OF THK LOSS BASKD OH XKROI NOTICE DATID AUGUST 1988 KIDOS AND NKZRON ARK CANADIAN CONTROLLKD PRIVATE CORPORATIONS IN ONTARIO KLIGIBLK FOR THK SMALL BUSINESS DKDUCTION OF 25%.
APPIRDII 16 uuuuuuu TOTAL
uuuuuu 83,9(5 49,055 133,000 (33,250) $99,750 Deloitte& Touche 0
C>\L _,,, ~µ.," 6"] ciJ... tf·&"" 1 =i ~(\-(Y~ '0.~lcrr-: \\~,c_I I l;t)tf DONALD D. BANKS, c.A. J~u/"\JYI.. k~v 'Y\'\.R~ 'J... 4-"+l ~~ ~' \C\C\O. Manager, Forensic Auditing Mcftael Keflnlll ClllCll'I • Comm!S&I08t awa ~L Ji*iil ~of~- tor OELOITTE I TCUCHE. Chaltlftd Acmo111anis ani Professional Experience DELOITTE TOUCtE INC. Tn.slle 111 laakrupq .._ 1 EirPr• ,...., 19. 1•1 Mr. Banks joined the firm as our forensic auditing specialist in January 1986. Mr. Banks has 32 years' experience as a Chartered Accountant, most of them with Revenue Canada, Taxation. Included in his experience at Revenue Canada were terms in middle and senior management positions such as:
Tax Avoidance Project Leader (Hamilton) National Audit Project Co-ordinator Chief of Special Investigations (Hamilton) Chief of Basic Files (Hamilton) Chief of Complex Investigations (Toronto) Chief (Director) of Investigations (Canada) Special Advisor to the Deputy Minister (Security) Director of Security
In the latter three positions he was responsible for developing and recommending policy for the Department in respect of audit and investigation techniques and programs, liaising with the Internal Revenue Service, U.S.A. in exchange of information programs and development of a program for Simultaneous Investigations under the tax treaty, representing Canada at the O.E.C.D. in Paris in respect of tax treaties and exchange of information, developing policies for security of information, personnel and property and organizing and staffing the Security Division.
Special Expertise ° Forensic auditing 0 Investigations involving fraud 0 Testimony 0 Teaching forensic auditing While in the Special Investigations Division of Revenue Canada, Taxation, he conducted or managed approximately 150 tax investigations of which over 100 went to prosecution with a conviction rate of over 97%. As an investigator or supervisor directly involved in the trials, Don testified in 29 contested cases where the defendent was found guilty.
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- 2 -Donald D. Banks, C.A.
Since 1961 Don has pioneered the use of Forensic Auditing practices in criminal court, establishing Investigation Auditing Techniques to accumulate evidence sufficiently admissible to prove that a particular person, group or corporation was involved in an of fence. These techniques included the use of cash flow, source and application of funds, comparative net worth, statistical projections and oral chains of evidence to establish facts beyond a reasonable doubt where documentary evidence was not available.
In civil court matters Don has testified at District Court, Federal Court and Supreme Court of Ontario. He has assisted counsel at the Ontario Court of Appeal and has assisted and testified at many Examinations for Discovery.
Clients Served In addition to various police forces in criminal investigations major clients have been law firms where he has provided assistance in civil and criminal matters such as:
0 loss of income and claims for damages due to negligence, accidents or breach of contract; 0 tracing income or assets believed to have misappropriated by managers, trustees or employees; 0 family law investigations to trace excluded property, evaluate businesses and make section 6 elections (F.L.A.); 0 income tax prosecution defences; 0 tracing of misuse of government funds. Education and Professional Designations ° C.P.A., University of Toronto, 1957 ° C.A., Institute of Chartered Accountants of Ontario, 1962
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CURRICULUM VITAE Michel C. Lavigne 2173 Prom. Halifax Ottawa (Ontario) KlG 2W3 tel.: (613) 521-4364 Ne le 17 avril 1959 a Rockland, Ontario Langues: fran9ais et anglais (parle et ecrit) Marie
ETUDES ET DIPIDMES Ordre des Comptables Agrees du Quebec Obtenu officiellement la designation professionnelle de comptable agree le 6 janvier 1987.
Institut Candien des Comptables AErees Reussi les examens uniformes finaux du C.A. et termine mon stage d'apprentissage en decembre 1986.
Universite du Quebec a Hull Module des Sciences comptables - "coaching la preparation des examens uniformes finaux.
Universite d'Ottawa Faculte d'Administration, Baccalaureat avec specialisation en sciences commerciales avec mention Cum Laude (avril 1984)
Faculte d'Administration, Baccalaureat en administration avec mention Cum Laude (avril 1983)
EXPERIENCE Depuis fevrier 1989 Maheu Noiseux-Collins Barrow (fusionne au groupe Deloitte & Touche) Chef d'equipe, responsable de la verification d'une grande societe de la couronne. Responsable de la planification, coordination et revision des dossiers de petites et moyennes entreprises. Responable de la gestion du personnel de son equipe et de la planification generale du bureau. Coordonateur du programme fran9ais de formation de l'examen final uniforme.
Novembre 1987 a janvier 1989 Bureau du Verificateur General du Canada Verificateur, membre de l'equipe des societes de la couronne. Participation a la verification d'une grande societe de la couronne. Participation a la verification d'un petit minitere lors de la verification des comptes publiques. Participation a deux projets speciaux.
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11 de l'ete 1986 en vue de
Juillet 1986 a novembre 1987 Samson Belair Premier verificateur, dirige une equipe de verificateurs assignes a une moyenne entreprise. Participe a la planification, coordination et revision des dossiers. Participation a la verification d'un minitere lors de la verification des comptes publiques. Membre de l'equipe fiscale.
Juillet 1985 a juin 1986 Samson Belair Verificateur adjoint, execution des mandats de verification et de comptabilite de courte duree dans les petites entrprises. Execution, sous supervision, de travaux plus complexes dans des moyennes entreprises. Initiation aux autres services offerts par le cabinet. Membre de l'equipe fiscale.
Septembre 1984 a juin 1985 Samson Belair Stagiaire, responsable de travaux simples de comptabilite et verification sous surveillance. Membre de l'equipe fiscale. Mai 1983 a avril 1984 Service de consultation aux petites entreprises de l'Universite d'Ottawa Consultant, conseiller les dirigeants de petites entreprises dans les diverses fonctions de la gestion et de leur entreprise, plus specifiquement; Gestion de l'encaisse et planification financiere Systeme de tenue de livres Controle des stocks planification du marketing, distribution et promotion
1979 a 1983 Boutique Zodiaque Teneur de livre (temps partiel)
ACTIVITES ET INTERETS Charge de cour a l'Universite d'Ottawa (ete 1987) Bricolage et renovations domiciliaires Photographie amateur Musique: piano, orque et piano electrique Golf, sqash, racket-ball, ski alpin
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